When we decide whether a photo is good or not, we apply subconsciously a set of principles that make the image appealing. Understanding those helps us better grasp why some photos work better than others.

Photography follows the same guidelines as design and art. Those guidelines are fundamental to creating effective, aesthetically pleasing visual compositions.

Although systematically formulated and taught from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the principles have been understood for more than 2000 years. The ancient Greeks, including Aristotle and Pythagoras, laid their theoretical foundations. They explored the nature of proportion, harmony, and order in art and nature. Later, the Roman architect Vitruvius wrote about proportion, balance, and harmony in his work. In turn, his work was influenced by Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, and others.

![A small brown and white bird standing on a metal bar wrapped with thick, weathered ropes, with a blurred blue background suggesting water.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/turnstone-800x420.jpg)

It was in the late 1800s that Western art education began moving away from storytelling and symbolism toward formal qualities, as seen in movements such as Post-Impressionism, Art Nouveau, and Arts and Crafts; when shape, line, balance, rhythm, and proportion became more important.

This is the key moment for these design principles as we understand them now. They emerged with the Bauhaus school, where Johannes Itten, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and Josef Albers developed and taught them.

The principles apply to all visual arts, including photography. Getting to grips with them helps us recognize better compositions when we hold our cameras to our eyes. Knowing about them helps us create more appealing photos.

![A grey heron stands in calm, shallow water, creating a clear reflection of its body and legs on the smooth surface. The water appears still and blue, filling the background.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/heron-1-800x800.jpg)

## Visual Weight

To understand the principles of design, one must first appreciate the concept of **visual weight**. Visual weight is not about physical mass. Instead, it’s the perceived heaviness or importance of an element in a composition. In other words, it’s how strongly it attracts the viewer’s eye compared to other elements.

So, although a large subject can carry a lot of visual weight, it can be balanced by a person, as our eyes are drawn to people, especially to eyes. Similarly, the drawing power of that large object could be outweighed by a smaller splash of bright color.

![The bold reds on the beacon have more visual weight than the more muted hues in the rest of the image.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/Northumberland-43-800x619.jpg)

## The Principles of Design

The following are the design principles. As you will see, some of them overlap. Furthermore, they are rarely seen alone, although a composition need not use all of them. Moreover, you might even choose to reject a principle altogether. Like all rules in photography, design principles should guide your decisions rather than dictate them.

![A large duck with black, white, and pale peach plumage and a greenish beak floats calmly on blue water.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/eider-800x600.jpg)

### Emphasis

Using this principle creates a **focal point** in a design. It helps to highlight the most important elements, guiding the viewer’s attention. Techniques include using contrasting colors, textures, sizes, and placements to make certain elements stand out.

For example, in wildlife photography, we generally try to isolate a subject by separating it from the background. Taking the above photo as an example, the subject is emphasized with a long lens and a wide aperture, both of which produce a shallow depth of field. The low angle of view also makes the background farther away and smoother. Thus, the subject is emphasized because it is separated from its surroundings by the change in texture, contrast, and color.

If you compare that with the following less appealing photo taken moments later, where the emphasis of the subject is lessened by its busier surroundings, emphasized by the higher camera position and the shorter focal length.

![A large duck with a black cap, white and black body, and a long yellow beak swims on the surface of blue water.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/eider-2-800x600.jpg)

### Balance

**Balance** is how visual weight is distributed in an image. Often found using symmetry, it equalizes the weight on both sides of the picture.

![A man wearing a bowler hat, blue shorts, and black socks balances on a tightrope while spinning two hula hoops—one around his waist and one in his hand—against a blue sky.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/performer-2-628x800.jpg)

However, balance can also be asymmetrical with different visual weights positioned within the frame that still create a sense of harmony. Achieving balance is crucial for creating stability in a design, whereas imbalance can provide tension, which can be important in some photos.

The following image is balanced by its symmetry. But it also has an imbalance because it is top-heavy. Moreover, the flying geese are more to the right of the frame, and the smaller distant island on the left does not do enough to balance them.

![A flock of birds flies across an orange sky at sunset over the sea, with dark silhouettes of distant islands and calm water in the foreground.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/imbalance-706x800.jpg)

### Contrast

**Contrast** uses opposing elements, such as light and dark colors, smooth and rough surfaces, small and large subjects, or any other pair of visual antonyms you can think of.

Contrast creates visual interest by drawing attention and helping differentiate elements within the frame.

![Calm sea at sunset with smooth water, dark rocks in the foreground, and a small island with a lighthouse and buildings in the distance. The sky is streaked with clouds and soft pink and purple hues.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/sunrise-2-800x600.jpg)

### Repetition

**Repetition** is the appearance of similar elements throughout a photograph. It creates consistency in an image. Repetition can be applied to colors, shapes, or patterns to reinforce a photograph’s overall theme.

In the photo below, note the repeating patterns of the old, rotten pier and how the shape of the cormorant breaks the pattern.

![A cormorant perches on top of a wooden post above the water, spreading its wings. The background shows a blurred pier and shoreline in black and white.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/cormorant-800x550.jpg)

### Proportion

**Proportion** refers to the relative size of a design’s elements. Helping to create a sense of scale, it influences how the viewer perceives the overall composition of a photograph.

![A black and white photo of a lone sailboat on the horizon beneath a vast sky, with a single cloud near the top of the image, creating a minimalist and serene seascape.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/clouds-600x800.jpg)

### Movement

In this context, **movement** is how the image guides the viewer’s eye through the photo. It can lead the viewer from one element to another through the arrangement of elements, lines, or shapes that create a visual path. Although the following image is ostensibly still, the lines of the pier and, to a lesser extent, the reflections in the water lead the eye to the beacons at the end of the pier.

![A lighthouse with green and red lights stands at the end of a long pier, surrounded by calm blue water and under an overcast sky at dusk.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/pier-800x583.jpg)

### White Space

It doesn’t have to be white. Also known as **negative space**, white space is the area around and between elements in a photo. It also helps to create breathing room and emphasize important components within the image. In the photo below, and a few of the images here, I have used white space to emphasize the subject.

![Four wooden poles stand in calm, shallow water with their reflections visible. A sailboat appears in the background, partially obscured by thick fog, creating a minimalist and tranquil scene.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/white-space-e1775827878836-603x800.jpg)

### Variety

![Close-up of smooth, wavy patterns formed in wet sand, likely by water or wind, creating parallel ridges and grooves that stretch into the distance. The lighting highlights the texture and contours of the sand.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/sand-pattern-800x600.jpg)

**Variety** is the use of differences and contrasts within an image. It creates visual interest. Sometimes, without variety, a picture might feel boring, flat, or repetitive. It is achieved through changes in color, size, shape, texture, tone, and detail.

Compare the image above with the following one. The first depicts patterns in the sand left by the receding tide. Although it was interesting to see, the picture itself was boring. It really needed something to interrupt the pattern.

![Close-up of wet sand with natural, wavy patterns and grooves formed by water flow, creating an abstract, textured design in light and dark brown tones.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/Abstract-2-800x600.jpg)

So, this next image is still fairly mundane, but the variety of patterns makes the picture more interesting.

![A small boat floats on calm water during a golden sunrise or sunset, with the sun low in the sky and its reflection shimmering on the surface amid orange clouds and mist.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/mardell-800x602.jpg)

### Unity

**Unity** is the sense that all the parts of your work belong together. When it has unity, it feels whole, organized, and harmonious rather than random or chaotic.

![A black-and-white photo of a seagull flying above crashing ocean waves, with a pier partially visible in the lower right corner and mist rising from the powerful surf.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/storm-800x600.jpg)

## Elements of Design

Often confused with those principles are the **elements of design**. Where the principles are akin to the grammar of a sentence, the elements are the words. Or, the principles could be the method of making a cake, and the elements the ingredients. In other words, the elements are the basic building blocks of an image.

They consist of lines, shapes, form (three-dimensional shapes), color, value (brightness), texture, and space.

## Practical Uses

![The sun sets over the ocean, casting a golden reflection across wet, rocky shorelines. The sky glows orange, and gentle waves approach the coast, creating a serene and peaceful scene.](https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2026/04/Leading-line-800x600.jpg)

In reality, when we hold our cameras to our eyes, we are not going to think about these principles and elements. Nevertheless, they are worth studying and considering when we look at our own and others’ photos. In that way, the ideas behind them become ingrained in our minds, and we will subconsciously apply them when we align our lenses with our subjects.

Like always, this article only touches on the surface of these topics, and I’ll be coming back to them in more depth in future articles.

When we decide whether a photo is good or not, we apply subconsciously a set of principles that make the image appealing.

Unlock Your Photography Potential: How Design Principles Transform Your Images

Last year, we were all obsessed with moody red and purple shades. From burgundy and plum to oxblood and merlot, these deep hues dominated kitchens of every size and style.

But if you thought these looks were a fleeting kitchen color trend, think again. Not only is this palette enduring, but it's widely considered a truly timeless color scheme for your cooking space, cementing itself as a true mood maker for 2026 and beyond.

## The Enduring Appeal of Deep Red and Purple Kitchen Colors

![A large kitchen with oxblood red cabinets and paneled backsplash, black countertops, and warm neutral walls](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/8jwvSJWvtQEFRUNE6jxvAU.jpg)
*Oxblood cabinetry pairs beautifully with a warm neutral on the walls. It feels layered, inviting, and utterly lived in.*
*(Image credit: Uns Hobbs/Boz Gagovski Photography)*

What started with burgundy kitchens quickly evolved into shades of plum and oxblood, and eventually even merlot. It was perhaps the biggest color trend of the year. But as it continues to endure, can we even really call it a kitchen trend anymore?

'Deep burgundy, oxblood, and plum have that perfect mix of warmth and drama. They’re rich without feeling overpowering and instantly make a kitchen feel cozy and warm,' says interior designer Uns Hobbs.

While these hues might sound bold on the surface, they really act as quite the opposite. 'They’ve stuck around because they behave like strong neutrals; they pair easily with wood and stone and don’t date the way trend-led colors can,' she explains.

![A kitchen with plum cabinets, white walls, and a checkerboard tile floor](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/z7AJTfu97MtrGPPQnbJivg.jpg)
*For something more purple-adjacent, the plum tones in this kitchen give this moody color trend a more contemporary twist.*
*(Image credit: Maggie Richmond Design/Kirsten Francis Photography)*

Maggie Burns of Maggie Richmond Design agrees, adding, 'Shades of burgundy have always felt like more of a neutral to me. They can add warmth and depth to a space in a similar way that incorporating elements of wood can do, but in a different and bolder way.'

Rich reds and purples may have had their rise to the spotlight recently, but they actually have some quietly traditional roots. 'Burgundy is a very traditional colour that was very often used in country house kitchens,' says Helen Parker, Creative Director of deVOL Kitchens.

'It works anywhere and can make a piece of furniture feel instantly grand and smart,' she adds, highlighting its natural pairing with the growing desire for freestanding pieces, another kitchen idea showing strong signs of longevity.

## How to Use These Timeless Colors

![An English shaker kitchen with burgundy cabinets and warm yellow walls with open shelving and lots of styling objects](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/iooCVvWaGuTUxudnZwfy8E.jpg)
*Don't be afraid to mix unexpected colors. Here, burgundy cabinetry becomes the perfect pairing with mustard yellow walls.*
*(Image credit: deVOL Kitchens)*

There's no doubt that burgundy, oxblood, and plum shades will be a continuous presence in kitchens in 2026 and beyond, but expect more creativity and boldness in the way they are introduced.

'We’re seeing these tones used on cabinetry, islands, and accent areas, often paired with warm metals, natural wood, and stone to create contrast and balance,' says Emily Kantz, Color Marketing Manager at Sherwin-Williams.

'In 2026, we’re using them more intentionally, with a statement island or lower cabinetry rather than the whole room, often layered with warm woods, soft neutrals, and aged metals,' adds Uns.

![Pale pink painted kitchen with dark red cabinetry, statement marble backsplash, an Aga, and a large painting hung on the wall](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/kobj9Z2FPPHFBJqytyuXaX.jpg)
*For a softer kitchen scheme, deep red hues look beautiful when combined with subtle pink hues.*
*(Image credit: Studio Duggan)*

'For something that lasts, you can’t go wrong pairing these tones with creamy whites, neutral paint with a pink tone like Farrow & Ball Oxford Stone, with walnut or natural stone like a black granite or marble – it keeps the look timeless, chic, and easy to live with,' she notes.

If you want something a bit more unexpected, move away from paint colors and look to kitchen materials that blend style and function. 'We're exploring some beautiful burgundy stones right now for the countertops in a kitchen in the West Village, and I couldn't be more excited,' says Maggie.

Burgundy marble countertops have proved to be a striking choice, bringing drama and personality to schemes. And tiles work just as beautifully. 'We're also working on a project using a beautiful oxblood zellige tile as the backsplash in an appliance garage – such a fun hidden pop of color in an otherwise neutral kitchen,' she adds.

## The On-Trend Pairings To Try

![An open-plan kitchen with plaster walls, burgundy cabinets, black countertops, a wall-mounted place rack, and a wooden prep table island topped with a vase of greenery](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/rJruYkYp4kwjbvsu3bb7bb.jpg)
*Black countertops and burgundy cabinets prove a perfect match in this traditional kitchen.*
*(Image credit: deVOL Kitchens)*

Perhaps the greatest appeal of deep red and purple is their versatility. Depending on the colors and materials you pair them with, you can create a totally different style and atmosphere in your kitchen.

If you like the more traditional look, Helen recommends pairing burgundy or oxblood kitchen cabinets with 'black granite or slate for a truly authentic look.' These darker countertop materials still provide a contrast to the deeper tones, just a bit more subtly. But that doesn't mean you can't also embrace lighter tones and neutrals, too.

'These deeper hues pair beautifully with warm whites, soft neutrals, and natural materials like wood and stone,' says Emily. These materials really complement the richness of the burgundy and oxblood tones, providing a balance of tones.

'Carnelian SW 7580 is one of my favorite shades to recommend in kitchens for homeowners, and it can be paired with softer shades like Alabaster SW 7008 or Natural Linen SW 9109 to create a balanced, elevated look that feels both classic and current,' she recommends.

It's clear to see why this once-trending color has evolved into a staple hue for a timeless kitchen. 'These shades bring depth, richness, and a sense of warmth that makes kitchens feel more inviting,' says Emily.

'They add personality, drama, and mystery while still feeling grounded and sophisticated. Their connection to natural, earthy tones gives them staying power and versatility across styles.'

From a huge color trend to a now staple palette in kitchen schemes, here's why deep red and purple hues are now widely considered a timeless choice

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